“Midziyo mizhinji yemapellet madiki uye inokwana paavhareji yematani 9 000 pagore. Mushure medambudziko rekushaikwa kwepellet muna 2013 pakagadzirwa matani anosvika 29 000 chete, bazi iri rakaratidza kukura zvakanyanya kusvika pa88 000 tonnes muna 2016 uye rinotarisirwa kusvika 290 000 tonnes pa2021"

Chile inowana 23 muzana yesimba rayo rekutanga kubva kubiomass. Izvi zvinosanganisira huni, huni hunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukudziya mudzimba asi zvakare hwakabatana nekusvibiswa kwemhepo. Mumakore achangopfuura, matekinoroji matsva uye akachena uye anonyatso shanda mafuta ebiomass, senge pellets, ari kufambira mberi nekumhanya kwakanaka. Dr Laura Azocar, muongorori paYunivhesiti yeLa Frontera, anopa nzwisiso pamamiriro ezvinhu uye mamiriro azvino emisika uye matekinoroji ane chekuita nekugadzirwa kwepellet muChile.

MAERERANO NADR AZOCAR, kushandiswa kwehuni seyokutanga simba sosi chinhu cheChile. Izvi zvine chekuita netsika netsika dzeChile, mukuwedzera kune kuwanda kwemasango emusango, kudhura kwakanyanya kwemafuta emafuta, uye kutonhora nekunaya kwechando munzvimbo yepakati-kumaodzanyemba.

Nyika yesango

Kuti tigadzirise chirevo ichi, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti Chile parizvino ine 17.5 miriyoni mahekita (ha) esango: 82 muzana sango remusikirwo, 17 muzana minda yemiti (kunyanya mipaini neeucalyptus) uye 1 muzana yekugadzirwa kwakasanganiswa.

Izvi zvave kureva kuti zvisinei nekukasira kuri kuitika munyika, nemari inosvika US$21 000 pamunhu pagore uye kurarama kwemakore makumi masere, inoramba iine budiriro isina kusimba panyaya dzekudziya kwedzimba.

Muchokwadi, yesimba rose rinopedzwa pakudziya, 81 muzana inobva kuhuni, izvo zvinoreva kuti dzinenge miriyoni 1.7 mhuri muChile pari zvino dzinoshandisa mafuta aya, inosvika pakudyiwa kwepagore kweinopfuura 11.7 miriyoni m³ yehuni.

Dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda

Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwehuni kwakabatana zvakare nekusvibiswa kwemhepo muChile. 56 muzana yevanhu, kureva kuti, pedyo nemamiriyoni gumi evanhu vanotarisana nehuwandu hwegore negore hwe 20 mg per m³ ye particulate material (PM) isingasviki 2.5 pm (PM2.5).

Inosvika hafu yeiyi PM2.5 inonzi inokonzerwa nekupiswa kwehuni/Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sehuni dzisina kuomeswa zvakanaka, chitofu chakaderera uye kusamira zvakanaka kwedzimba. Pamusoro pezvo, kunyangwe kupisa kwehuni kuchifungidzirwa secarbon dioxide (C02) isina kwayakarerekera, kushomeka kwezvitofu kwakaratidza kuburitsa kweC02 kwakaenzana neicho chinoburitswa neparafini uye gasi rine liquefied gasi.

Mumakore achangopfuura, kuwedzera kwemazinga edzidzo muChile kwakakonzera nzanga ine simba iyo yakatanga kuratidza zvido zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yechisikigo uye kutarisira zvakatipoteredza.

Pamwe chete nezviri pamusoro, kuvandudzwa kwetsvakiridzo uye kugadzirwa kwehupfumi hwevanhu kwakagonesa nyika kutarisana nematambudziko aya kuburikidza nekutsvaga matekinoroji matsva nemafuta matsva anogadzirisa kudiwa kuripo kwekudziya kwemba. Imwe yedzimwe nzira idzi kwave kugadzirwa kwepellets.

Chitofu chinja

Kufarira kushandiswa kwepellets muChile kwakatangwa muna 2009 panguva iyo kutengeswa kwezvitofu zvepellet uye boilers kubva kuEurope kwakatanga. Nekudaro, mutengo wakakwirisa wekutenga kunze kwenyika wakaratidza dambudziko uye kutora kwainonoka.

Kuti mashandisirwo ayo azivikanwe, Ministry of Environmental yakatanga chirongwa chekutsiva chitofu uye bhairi muna 2012 yezvikamu zvekugara nemaindasitiri, Nekuda kwechirongwa ichi chekuchinja, mayunitsi anodarika 4 000 akaiswa muna 2012, nhamba yakawedzera katatu kubatanidzwa kwevamwe vagadziri vemidziyo yemuno.

Hafu yezvitofu izvi uye boilers inowanikwa munharaunda yekugara, 28 muzana mumasangano ehurumende uye yakatenderedza 22 muzana muindasitiri yemaindasitiri.

Kwete chete mapepa emapuranga

Mapellet kuChile anogadzirwa zvakanyanya kubva kuradiata pine (Pinus radiata), anowanzo kurima mhando. Muna 2017, pakanga paine 32 pellet miti yehukuru hwakasiyana-siyana yakagoverwa muCentral neSouthern nzvimbo dzenyika.

- Zvizhinji zvezvirimwa zvepellet zvidiki zvine avhareji yegore negore inokwana 9 000 tonnes. Mushure medambudziko rekushaikwa kwepellet muna 2013 apo pakagadzirwa matani anosvika 29 000 chete, bazi iri raratidza kukura zvakanyanya kusvika pa88 000 tonnes muna2016 uye rinotarisirwa kunge richasvika matani 190 000 mugore ra2020, vakadaro Dr Azocar.

Pasinei nekuwanda kwemasango emasango, iyi nzanga itsva yeChile "yakagadzikana" yaunza kufarira kune vemabhizimisi nevatsvakurudzi mukutsvaga mamwe mabhidhiyo ekugadzirwa kwemafuta emagetsi. Kune akawanda National Research Centers uye maYunivhesiti akagadzira tsvakiridzo munzvimbo ino.

PaYunivhesiti yeLa Frontera, iyo Waste uye Bioenergy Management Center, inova yeBIOREN Scientific Nucleus uye yakabatana neChemical Engineering department, yakagadzira nzira yekuongorora yekucherekedza zviwanikwa zvebiomass zvemuno zvine simba rinogona.

Hazelnut husk nehuswa hwegorosi

Chidzidzo ichi chaona hazelnut husk sebhaomass ine hunhu hwakanakisa hwekupiswa. Pamusoro pezvo, mashanga egorosi akatanhamara pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwawo kwakanyanya uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nemaitiro emazuva ese ekupisa mashanga nemashanga. Gorosi chirimwa chikuru muChile, chinorimwa pa286 000 ha uye chichigadzira matani anosvika miriyoni nemazana masere emashanga pagore.

Panyaya yehazelnut husks, kunyangwe iyi biomass inogona kupiswa zvakananga, tsvagiridzo yakanangana nekushandiswa kwayo kugadzira pellet. Chikonzero chiri mukutarisana nedambudziko rekugadzira mafuta akasimba ebiomass anoenderana nezviri kuitika munharaunda, apo mitemo yehurumende yakatungamirira mukutsiviwa kwezvitofu zvehuni nezvitofu zvepellet, kugadzirisa matambudziko ekusvibiswa kwemhepo.

Mhedzisiro yacho yanga ichikurudzira, zvakawanikwa zvekutanga zvinoratidza kuti mapellets aya anoenderana nematanho akatemerwa mapellets ehuni mabviro zvichienderana neISO 17225-1 (2014).

Panyaya yemashanga egorosi, bvunzo dzekudzosa dzakaitwa kuitira kuvandudza humwe hunhu hwebiomass iyi senge saizi isina kujairika, kushomeka kwehuwandu uye kushomeka kwekoriori, pakati pezvimwe.

Torrefaction, muitiro wekupisa unoitwa patembiricha iri pakati nepakati pasi penzvimbo inert, yakagadziridzwa zvakanangana kune izvi zvakasara zvekurima. Mhedzisiro yekutanga inoratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwesimba rakachengetwa uye kukosha kwekoriori pamamiriro ekushanda ane mwero ari pasi pe150 ℃.

Iyo inonzi dema pellet yakagadzirwa pachiyero chekutyaira neiyi torrefied biomass yakaratidzirwa zvinoenderana neEuropean standard ISO 17225-1 (2014). Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yakanaka, zvichisvika pakuwedzera kwehuremu kubva pa469 kg pa m³ kusvika pa568 kg pa m³ nekuda kweiyo torrefaction pre-arapwa maitiro.

Matambudziko akamirira ane chinangwa chekutsvaga matekinoroji ekudzikisa zviri mukati meiyo microelements mumapepa egorosi akaomeswa kuitira kuti uwane chigadzirwa chinogona kupinda mumusika wenyika, zvichibatsira kurwisa matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza anokanganisa nyika.